The spring material was predefined and was not used as a variable in the optimization. Since many different types of springs are used in aircraft and rockets, BA will be applied to design other types of springs using different materials to achieve optimal spring design in future research.
We declare that this manuscript is original, has not been previously published, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
All data generated or analyzed in this study is included in this published article [and additional information file].
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Post time: Jan-27-2023